A single-phase motor is a rotary machine that is electrically powered and can turn electric energy into mechanical energy. The single-phase motor works by using a single-phase power supply, and it contains two types of wiring, hot and neutral. Read More…
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What is a Single-Phase Motor?
A single-phase motor is a rotary machine that is electrically powered and can turn electric energy into mechanical energy. The single-phase motor works by using a single-phase power supply, and it contains two types of wiring, hot and neutral.
A single-phase motor’s power can reach 3KW, and its supply voltages vary in unison. They also have a single alternating voltage, and its circuit works with two wires as the contained current that runs across them is always the same.
These types of motors do not generate a rotating magnetic field as they can only generate an alternate field, and because of this, they require a capacitor for a startup.
How a Single Phase Motor Functions
A single-phase AC supply is brought to the main winding, which is the stator winding. The alternating current flowing through the main winding produces a magnetic flux known as the main flux.
The rotor is now assumed to be rotating and placed in a magnetic field produced by the stator winding. Based on Faraday’s Law, the current begins to flow in the rotor circuit, which is a closed path. This flowing current is known as rotor current.
This rotor current results in the flux being produced around the rotor winding, which is called the rotor flux.
From the interaction between the main and the rotor flux, a torque is produced in the rotor and results in the rotor’s rotation.
The stator’s field is alternating in nature and is the same as synchronous speed. This synchronous speed of the DC motor depends on the number of poles and the supply frequency.
The interaction between the rotor flux and the stator flux, which results in the rotation of the motor, can be contained in a theory called the Double Revolving Theory.
Types of Single Phase Motors
The single-phase induction motors can be classified in accordance with the starting methods. Some classes include split phase induction motor, shaded pole induction motor, permanent capacitor induction motor, and capacitor start induction motor.
Split Phase Induction Motor
This type of motor contains an extra winding that is wound on the same core of the stator. So in total, there are two windings on the stator. The windings are known as the main winding and the starting winding.
The starting winding, also called the auxiliary winding, contains a centrifugal switch connected in series with it. This starting winding is highly resistive, and the main winding is highly inductive.
The starting winding contains a few turns and also a small diameter. The major aim of the auxiliary winding is to create a phase difference between the two fluxes, which are produced by the rotor winding or the main winding.
Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor
This low-value capacitor is connected constantly with the starting winding. As a result, the capacitor has low capacitance.
The permanent capacitor is put into use in increasing the starting torque, but it is low as compared to the capacitor start induction motor.
There is a very high magnitude in this motor’s power factor and efficiency. At the same time, it has a very high starting torque, ranked at 80% of the full load torque.
Capacitor Start Induction Motor
This type of motor is a modified advanced version of the split phase induction motor. The disadvantage of the split phase induction motor is low torque production because the phase difference produced in this motor is very less.
This disadvantage is compensated with the help of a capacitor connected in a series with the auxiliary winding. The capacitor contained in this motor is a dry type capacitor designed to use alternating current.
Despite this, the motor is not used for continuous operation. Here a centrifugal switch is also used, disconnecting the capacitor and the auxiliary winding when the motor runs at a range of 75% to 80% of the synchronous speed.
Applications and Uses of Single Phase Motors
For excellent efficiency, single-phase motors are used in refrigerators, freezers, and heaters. Because of form utility, the motors come in different variations of 0.5HP to 15HP. They are also used in home equipment and devices such as clocks, washing machines, grinding machines, and computers.
